# 不使用管道
vect = CountVectorizer()
tfidf = TfidfTransformer()
clf = SGDClassifier()
vX = vect.fit_transform(Xtrain)
tfidfX = tfidf.fit_transform(vX)
predicted = clf.fit_predict(tfidfX)
# Now evaluate all steps on test set
vX = vect.fit_transform(Xtest)
tfidfX = tfidf.fit_transform(vX)
predicted = clf.fit_predict(tfidfX)

# 使用管道
pipeline = Pipeline([
    ('vect', CountVectorizer()),
    ('tfidf', TfidfTransformer()),
    ('clf', SGDClassifier()),
])
predicted = pipeline.fit(Xtrain).predict(Xtrain)
# Now evaluate all steps on test set
predicted = pipeline.predict(Xtest)

>>> from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
>>> from sklearn.svm import SVC
>>> from sklearn.decomposition import PCA

# 键值对直接构造
>>> estimators = [('reduce_dim', PCA()), ('clf', SVC())]
>>> pipe = Pipeline(estimators)

# 功能函数`make_pipeline`构造
>>> make_pipeline(PCA(), SVC())

>>> pipe
Pipeline(memory=None,
         steps=[('reduce_dim', PCA(copy=True,...)),
                ('clf', SVC(C=1.0,...))], verbose=False)

# steps属性索引
>>> pipe.steps[0]  
('reduce_dim', PCA(copy=True, iterated_power='auto', n_components=None,
                   random_state=None, svd_solver='auto', tol=0.0,
                   whiten=False))

# 管道直接索引
>>> pipe[0]  
PCA(copy=True, iterated_power='auto', n_components=None, random_state=None,
    svd_solver='auto', tol=0.0, whiten=False)

# 管道名称索引    
>>> pipe['reduce_dim']  
PCA(copy=True, ...)

# 管道切片索引，类似于列表
>>> pipe[:1]
Pipeline(memory=None, steps=[('reduce_dim', PCA(copy=True, ...))],...)
>>> pipe[-1:]
Pipeline(memory=None, steps=[('clf', SVC(C=1.0, ...))],...)

# 设置评估器clf的参数C
>>> pipe.set_params(clf__C=10)
Pipeline(memory=None,
         steps=[('reduce_dim', PCA(copy=True, iterated_power='auto',...)),
                ('clf', SVC(C=10, cache_size=200, class_weight=None,...))],
         verbose=False)
       
# 网格搜索时同时指定不同评估器的参数  
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
>>> param_grid = dict(reduce_dim__n_components=[2, 5, 10],
...                   clf__C=[0.1, 10, 100])
>>> grid_search = GridSearchCV(pipe, param_grid=param_grid)

>>> from tempfile import mkdtemp
>>> from shutil import rmtree
>>> from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
>>> from sklearn.svm import SVC
>>> from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
>>> estimators = [('reduce_dim', PCA()), ('clf', SVC())]
>>> cachedir = mkdtemp()

# 指定缓存目录
>>> pipe = Pipeline(estimators, memory=cachedir)
>>> pipe
Pipeline(...,
         steps=[('reduce_dim', PCA(copy=True,...)),
                ('clf', SVC(C=1.0,...))], verbose=False)
>>> # Clear the cache directory when you don't need it anymore
>>> rmtree(cachedir)

>>> import numpy as np
>>> from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
>>> from sklearn.compose import TransformedTargetRegressor
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import QuantileTransformer
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
>>> boston = load_boston()
>>> X = boston.data
>>> y = boston.target


>>> transformer = QuantileTransformer(output_distribution='normal')
>>> regressor = LinearRegression()
>>> regr = TransformedTargetRegressor(regressor=regressor,
...                                   transformer=transformer)
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=0)

# 对目标y进行对数转换作为预测值
>>> regr.fit(X_train, y_train)
TransformedTargetRegressor(...)
>>> print('R2 score: {0:.2f}'.format(regr.score(X_test, y_test)))
R2 score: 0.67

# 直接原始的预测值
>>> raw_target_regr = LinearRegression().fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> print('R2 score: {0:.2f}'.format(raw_target_regr.score(X_test, y_test)))
R2 score: 0.64

>>> from sklearn.pipeline import FeatureUnion
>>> from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
>>> from sklearn.decomposition import KernelPCA
>>> estimators = [('linear_pca', PCA()), ('kernel_pca', KernelPCA())]
>>> combined = FeatureUnion(estimators)
>>> combined
FeatureUnion(n_jobs=None,
             transformer_list=[('linear_pca', PCA(copy=True,...)),
                               ('kernel_pca', KernelPCA(alpha=1.0,...))],
             transformer_weights=None, verbose=False)

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> X = pd.DataFrame(
...     {'city': ['London', 'London', 'Paris', 'Sallisaw'],
...      'title': ["His Last Bow", "How Watson Learned the Trick",
...                "A Moveable Feast", "The Grapes of Wrath"],
...      'expert_rating': [5, 3, 4, 5],
...      'user_rating': [4, 5, 4, 3]})

>>> from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
>>> from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
>>> column_trans = ColumnTransformer(
...     [('city_category', CountVectorizer(analyzer=lambda x: [x]), 'city'),
...      ('title_bow', CountVectorizer(), 'title')],
...     remainder='drop')
# 这里使用的remainder='drop'
# 那么其他的特征列是不输出的
# 通常情况并不想这样的

>>> column_trans.fit(X)
ColumnTransformer(n_jobs=None, remainder='drop', sparse_threshold=0.3,
    transformer_weights=None,
    transformers=...)

>>> column_trans.get_feature_names()
...
['city_category__London', 'city_category__Paris', 'city_category__Sallisaw',
'title_bow__bow', 'title_bow__feast', 'title_bow__grapes', 'title_bow__his',
'title_bow__how', 'title_bow__last', 'title_bow__learned', 'title_bow__moveable',
'title_bow__of', 'title_bow__the', 'title_bow__trick', 'title_bow__watson',
'title_bow__wrath']

>>> column_trans.transform(X).toarray()
...
array([[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0],
       [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1]]...)

>>> column_trans = ColumnTransformer(
...     [('city_category', OneHotEncoder(dtype='int'),['city']),
...      ('title_bow', CountVectorizer(), 'title')],
...     remainder='passthrough')

>>> column_trans.fit_transform(X)
...
array([[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 4],
       [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 5],
       [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4],
       [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 5, 3]]...)

>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
>>> column_trans = ColumnTransformer(
...     [('city_category', OneHotEncoder(), ['city']),
...      ('title_bow', CountVectorizer(), 'title')],
...     remainder=MinMaxScaler())

>>> column_trans.fit_transform(X)[:, -2:]
...
array([[1. , 0.5],
       [0. , 1. ],
       [0.5, 0.5],
       [1. , 0. ]])

>>> from sklearn.compose import make_column_transformer
>>> column_trans = make_column_transformer(
...     (OneHotEncoder(), ['city']),
...     (CountVectorizer(), 'title'),
...     remainder=MinMaxScaler())
>>> column_trans
ColumnTransformer(n_jobs=None, remainder=MinMaxScaler(copy=True, ...),
         sparse_threshold=0.3,
         transformer_weights=None,
         transformers=[('onehotencoder', ...)